Which normalization metric best compares a telecom company's energy use across companies with different scales?

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To compare telecom companies of different sizes, you need a metric that ties energy use to the amount of service delivered. Energy use per unit data transmitted captures energy intensity: it shows how much energy is needed to transmit a given amount of data, allowing apples-to-apples comparisons across scales. Absolute energy use reflects overall size rather than efficiency, so it doesn’t isolate how efficiently services are delivered. Using the number of customers or total revenue as normalization factors doesn’t directly measure energy per unit of service and can mislead about true efficiency. So, energy use per unit data transmitted best enables cross-company comparisons of energy efficiency in telecom.